FAQ

How does it do magnify?

A flat plate of glass does not magnify. To magnify an image, the glass must have a curved shape, like a magnifying glass does. The name "lens" comes from the Latin word for the lentil, a seed which has a shape of a disk whose top and bottom surfaces curve outward.

     But the Fresnel lens we used in the marshmallow roaster appears to be flat. This is because a special trick is used to make a flat magnifier.    

     Remember that we said a flat plate of glass does not magnify.

     Inside a normal lens, we can draw many rectangular areas. These areas are glass, but since they have flat edges, they do not help the lens magnify. So they are not useful for the purpose of a magnifier, and simply add unnecessary weight and cost to the lens.    

     The second part of the drawing below shows what is left if we remove the useless parts, and only keep the parts of the lens that magnify.

One side of our resulting "lens" is flat. But the other side has ridges with curved sides. These curved pieces of glass (or plastic in our Fresnel lens) bend the light in the same way as the original lens did. This discussion of how Fresnel lenses work is actually a simplification of what is really going on. We will explain in more detail later.

     If you rub the Fresnel lens with your fingers, you can feel these ridges.    
   
Absorption

     Concentrating the sunlight is only half of what is going on in the roaster. The other half is what happens when the light hits the marshmallow.    

     The marshmallow is white. It reflects almost all of the light that hits it. Only a small fraction of the light is absorbed. When light is absorbed by a material, it is not lost. The energy from the light moves the molecules of the marshmallow. Moving molecules is what we feel as heat.    

     In order to heat up the marshmallow, we had to use the very smallest dot of light from the lens, where all of the sunlight is concentrated into one tiny spot. The small fraction of the light that the marshmallow absorbs is now enough to heat up the marshmallow until it burns at that spot.    

     But now the burned part of the marshmallow is no longer white. It no longer reflects very much light. That is why it appears black. Black objects are those that absorb much more light than they reflect.    

     Now that the spot is absorbing most of the sunlight, it gets hot very quickly. If we don't move the marshmallow, it will catch fire.    

     We move the marshmallow closer to the lens, so the circle of light from the lens is bigger, and thus less concentrated. It is still concentrated enough to roast the black spot on the marshmallow, and make it bigger.  
 
     By coating the marshmallow with a dark substance, like chocolate syrup or cocoa, we can speed up the heating of the marshmallow.      
   
More about Fresnel lenses

     Our discussion about how Fresnel lenses work, we gave the standard textbook explanation, which explains the concept, but misses some details that are important if you want to do real work with the lens.    

     In the simplified example, we simply moved the curved pieces down to lie flat. But a curve that is designed to focus light onto a point depends on the middle of the lens being farther away from the focal point than the edge. If we simply moved the pieces down, they would not focus the light to a point. The edges would focus the light to the same point as before, but as we move to the center of the lens, the focal point moves farther away, by the same amount that we moved the pieces down.    

     Real Fresnel lenses compensate for this. The curves are made to keep the focus at the same point, regardless of how close to the center of the lens a light ray is.    

     Fresnel lenses are usually flat on one side. The corrections made to keep the focus at a point only work from one direction. The lenses are most commonly made to focus light in such a way that the grooved side must face the sun, and the flat side must face the focal point. If the lens is reversed, it will not focus to a sharp point. The edges will focus too close, and the center will focus too far away. This is why we said to make sure the grooved side of the lens faced outside the box (towards the sun).  


Magnifying glass

     The magnification of a magnifying glass depends upon where it is placed between the user's eye and the object being viewed, and the total distance between them. The magnifying power is equivalent to angular magnification (this should not be confused with optical power, which is a different quantity). The magnifying power is the ratio of the sizes of the images formed on the user's retina with and without the lens. For the "without" case, it is typically assumed that the user would bring the object as close to the eye as possible without it becoming blurry. This point, known as the near point, varies with age. In a young child it can be as close as 5 cm, while in an elderly person it may be as far as one or two meters. Magnifiers are typically characterized using a "standard" value of 0.25 m.

     The highest magnifying power is obtained by putting the lens very close to the eye and moving the eye and the lens together to obtain the best focus. The object will then typically also be close to the lens. The magnifying power obtained in this condition is MP0 = (0.25 m)Φ + 1, where Φ is the optical power in dioptres, and the factor of 0.25 m represents the assumed near point (¼ m from the eye). This value of the magnifying power is the one normally used to characterize magnifiers. It is typically denoted "m×", where m = MP0. This is sometimes called the total power of the magnifier (again, not to be confused with optical power).

     Magnifiers are not always used as described above, however. It is much more comfortable to put the magnifier close to the object (one focal length away). The eye can then be a larger distance away, and a good image can be obtained very easily; the focus is not very sensitive to the eye's exact position. The magnifying power in this case is roughly MP = (0.25 m)Φ.

     A typical magnifying glass might have a focal length of 25 cm, corresponding to an optical power of 4 dioptres. Such a magnifier would be sold as a "2×" magnifier. In actual use, an observer with "typical" eyes would obtain a magnifying power between 1 and 2, depending on where lens is held.

     Using this principle, a magnifying glass can also be used to focus light, such as to concentrate the sun's radiation to create a hot spot at the focus.